One day in a lab in Carnegie Hall, Ruth van Kampen ’19 of Brunswick, Maine, and Josh Turner ’20 of Andover, Mass., tied weights to a rectangular plastic brush and let it fall through a piece of synthetic fur, mounted vertically on a wooden contraption that machinist Peter Beach made for them.
Around them, other students in groups of two and three huddled around their own pelts, pulling brushes through the fur a certain number of times and measuring the amount of hair — or in one case, raisins — that came out. Assistant Professor of Biology Andrew Mountcastle moved among them, answering questions and, in one case, shaving excess plastic off a brush.
Assistant Professor of Biology Andrew Mountcastle observes as (from left) Thad Gunther ’21, Jeremy Bennett ’21, Ruth van Kampen ’19, and Josh Turner ’20 test the performance of their 3D-printed models of grooming brushes that are inspired by cat tongues. (Phyllis Graber Jensen/Bates College)
The scene was the culmination of an assignment for a course in which students designed, 3D-printed, and tested two different brushes, both modeled on one of nature’s best groomers: a cat’s tongue.
The course, “Bioinspiration and Biomimetics,” looks at how living beings can inspire human-designed objects, from wind turbine blades that take after insect wings to nonstick condiment bottles modeled after lotus leaves.
The class is “very integrative and interdisciplinary,” Mountcastle said. “The students are learning a little bit about 3D design, they’re learning about 3D printing, they’re learning about designing experiments to test the hypothesis, and they get to look at a lot of cool biological adaptations.”
Mountcastle became interested in the brushing potential of cat tongues after reading a scholarly article arguing that a brush modeled on the tongues requires less force than a regular brush to get through a section of hair. He decided to have his students design their own cat-tongue brushes, then test their effectiveness.
It’s a start-to-finish design process, Mountcastle said. “They can follow a trajectory that carries them all the way through understanding from a biological level and then moving into a creative process where they’re thinking about the performance implications of morphology” — that is, the form of an object — “and then testing that.”
Bridget Tweedie ’21 tests how effectively a brush pulls raisins, meant to represent fleas, from a piece of synthetic fur, while her lab partner, Wendy Memishian ’19, prepares to record data. (Phyllis Graber Jensen/Bates College)
First, the students looked at cats’ tongues under microscopes, where you quickly see why cats are such effective groomers. Their tongues are covered in hundreds of tiny curved spines, made of the same material as human fingernails. The spines, called papillae, are why cats’ tongues feel like sandpaper, and why they’re so good at getting loose hair and other debris out of fur.
The students sketched and measured the real cat tongues. Then, using the SketchUp computer program, they designed their two brushes: one modeled as closely on a real cat tongue as possible, the other with some modification — for example, increasing the spaces between papillae.
Josh Turner ’20 drills a hole in one of his brushes in order to attach a ring that will allow his team to tie weights to the brush, helping them measure the force required to drag the brushes through a piece of fur. (Phyllis Graber Jensen/Bates College)
In testing the brushes’ effectiveness, they’d be able to understand how particular aspects of cats’ tongues affect their performance.
The modifications varied. One group made the papillae more hooked than a cat’s. Another made the papillae longer; another changed the angle of the papillae relative to the surface of the brush. Van Kampen and Turner noticed that real cat tongues’ papillae had small “scoops” on the end; they designed the experimental brush without the scoops.
Each student group in Assistant Professor of Biology Andrew Mountcastle’s class made a brush modeled on a real cat tongue, as well as a brush with a modification. Eve Cinquino ’19 of Bethlehem, Pa., and Erin Murphy ’21 of North Andover, Mass., chose to change the angle of the papillae. (Phyllis Graber Jensen/Bates College)
The students also tested how well their brushes achieved different objectives. Some covered their pelts in loose fur, pulled their brush through, and carefully weighed how much hair the brush picked up. One group dropped raisins in the fur to represent fleas and compared their brushes’ ability to pull them out.
Van Kampen and Turner noticed that the scooped cat tongue brush seemed to require less force to get through the fur than did their scoopless brush.
Preliminary results for each group seemed to go in a similar direction: No matter the criteria for effectiveness or the modifications the students made, the brushes most closely resembling cat tongues did as well or better than the modified brushes. (There was one exception: The students who tested the brushes’ raisin-picking ability with one normal brush and one with longer papillae found that the modified one did better.)
From left, Joseph Ho ’20, Gavin Chen ’20, and Brianna Karboski ’21 measure the fur that each of their cat-tongue-inspired brushes picked up. (Phyllis Graber Jensen/Bates College)
That cat tongues generally worked better was interesting but not surprising, van Kampen pointed out — after all, cats’ tongues are the result of millions of years of evolution, as opposed to a couple of weeks with design software and a 3D printer.
“To find out it holds up in an experimental setting is really cool,” she said.
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